Equality, Diversity and Inclusion Essay

a) Diversity – Diversity is about valuing individual difference. So ‘diversity’ is much more than just a new word for equality. A diversity approach aims to recognise, value and manage difference to enable all employees to contribute and realise their full potential. Diversity challenges us to recognise and value all sorts of differences in order to make our environment a better place for everyone to work see more:social barriers to equality and inclusion b) Equality – Equality is about making sure people are treated fairly and given fair chances. Equality is not about treating everyone in the same way, but it recognises that their needs are met in different ways. Equality focuses on those areas covered by the law, namely the key areas of race, gender, disability, religion or belief, sexual orientation, transgender and Age. People must not be unfairly discriminated against because of any of these factors and we must all contribute to creating a positive workplace and service delivery environment where discriminatory practices and discrimination no longer happen. c) Inclusion – Inclusion is about ensuring that children and young people, whatever their background or situation, are able to participate fully in all aspects of the life in school. It is not about viewing everyone as the same or providing the same work, but about providing the same opportunities and access to a high quality of education. Describe the potential effects of discrimination. Discrimination can only have negative effects on children and young people. Not only does it affect the academic progress of children, discrimination can negatively impact their overall health and well-being. Those who have suffered from discrimination may experience loss of self-esteem, anger, and disempowerment, lack of motivation, confusion and depression. Explain how inclusive practice promotes equality and support diversity. Inclusive practice is a process of identifying, understanding and breaking down barriers to participation and belonging. Inclusive practices will ensure that everyone feels valued and has a sense of belonging. In an inclusive environment there is recognition, acceptance and celebration of diï ¬â‚¬erences and similarities. Explain how legislation and codes of practice relating to equality, diversity and discrimination apply to your own role. The way in which we interact with each other in society is regulated by law. The Equality Act 2010 brings together all previous acts relating to equality and discrimination. The Act applies to all organisations that provide a service to the public. The Ac protects all individuals and groups from discrimination. Early years setting must be aware of these laws and have in place a policy regarding equality of opportunities and for supporting children with learning difficulties and disabilities. Providers must also have regard to the SEN code of practice. The EYFS also states that providers have a responsibility to ensure positive attitudes to diversity and difference. Within our setting we have an equality and diversity policy, and a SEN and disability policy. These policies must be followed by staff and integrated in to our working practice. The policies bring together all the main points from the various acts and the requirements of the EYFS. Policy and procedures when dealing with: Accidents If an accident takes place in the setting, I would do the following: * Inform another member of staff so that they know what happened to the child * If I am unable to deal with the accident myself I would refer the child to another member of staff who is first aid trained * E.g. A child has fallen over and grazed his/her knee: Firstly I would comfort/ reassure the child. I would then wipe the knee with a wet tissue, record the accident on a accident form, inform the parent of the child about the accident, get them to sign the form and then keep it in the accident folder. Incidents If an incident was to happen in the setting, it would be reported to a senior member of staff. The staff would then deal with the incident. It would be recorded on an incident form which would be signed by a witness and by a parent. The incident form is then kept in an incident folder which is kept safely and is easily accessible to the staff members. Emergency In the case of an emergency occurring in the setting the following procedure would take place: E.g Fire drill (Real or practice) * Upon hearing the fire drill, children and staff leave what they are doing, quietly and sensibly make their way the nearest fire exit. * A member of staff takes the register, usually a senior. The rest of the staff usher the children out to the fire assembly point. * A head count of the children is done as children exit the building * When children line up at the fire assembly point a head count is taken and the register is completed. * If there is no real fire, the staff can take the children back to the setting when an all clear is given by the head teacher. * The children are recounted when they return to the setting. In the event of a real fire, the staff and children would remain at the fire assembly point and the emergency services would be called by a staff member. The parents would also be contacted regarding the incident. Illness If an illness occurs in the setting, e.g. a child falls ill and has a temperature. A staff member would check the temperature of the child using a thermometer/strip, and monitor the child. A wet paper towel/cool icepack would be placed on the child’s forehead to cool the temperature. If the temperature remains the same and does not decrease, the staff member would then contact the parent/carer of the child to come and collect the child. Recording and Reporting of accidents and incidents The correct procedure for reporting and recording accidents, incidents, injuries and emergencies would be carried out by following the guidelines of Riddor. Riddor stands for, reporting of injury, disease, and dangerous occurrences regulations. All of this would be reported to the Health and Safety executive if: * Any accident to a member of staff requiring treatment by a general practitioner or hospital, and any dangerous occurrences, this may be an event that causes injury or fatalities or an event that does not cause an accident but could have done, such as a gas leak. An incident book is also kept for recording incidents including those that are reportable to the health and safety executive, these incidents include: * Break in, burglary, theft of personal or property of the setting. * An intruder gaining unauthorised access to the premises. * Fire, flood, gas leak or electrical failure.  * Attack on member of staff or parent on the premises or nearby. * Any racist incident involving staff or family on the centres premises * Death of a child, a terrorist attack or threat of one.

Application of Epidemiology to Obesity Essay

Obesity has been defined as a condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to an extent that health may be adversely affected. The classification of overweight and obesity allows the identification of individuals and groups at increased risk of morbidity and premature mortality. 1.Analyze the obesity problem in the U.S. as compared to another developed country in which the obesity problem is not as significant. Include factors such as age, gender, race, socioeconomic status, and marital status in your analysis. Hypothesize the reason why the rate of obesity is higher in the U.S. than the other country. Obesity has been such a struggle for Americans since the early 1980s. According to Fleming, major effort to reduce the proportion of members who are overweight or obesity involves a strategic plan (Fleming, 2008). Obesity varies by age, gender, and by race-ethnic groups. A higher body weight is associated with an increased incidence of a number of conditions, including diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and with an increased risk of disability. Obesity is associated with a modestly increased risk of all-cause mortality. However, the net effect of overweight and obesity on morbidity and mortality is difficult to quantify. It is likely that a gene-environment interaction, in which genetically susceptible individuals respond to an environment with increased availability of palatable energy-dense foods and reduced opportunities for energy expenditure, contributes to the current high prevalence of obesity (The Epidemiology of Obesity, 2007). The United States is not alone in experiencing increases in the prevalence of obesity. Similar increases have been reported from a number of other countries and regions of the world. For example, in England, the prevalence of obesity (BMI is greater than or equal to 30) among women 25–34 years of age increased from 12% to 24% in only 9 years between 1993 and 2002. In Portugal, increases in overweight among school-age children also have been found. Less-developed countries also have seen increases in obesity (The Epidemiology of Obesity, 2007). Among preschool-age children in urban areas of China, the prevalence of obesity increased from 1.5% in 1989 to 12.6% in 1997(The Epidemiology of Obesity, 2007). Differences in the prevalence of obesity between countries in Europe or between race-ethnic groups in the United States tend to be more pronounced for women than for men. For example, in Europe, the WHO Multinational Monitoring of trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease study, which gathered data from 39 sites in 18 countries, found the prevalence of obesity was similar for men across all sites (The Epidemiology of Obesity, 2007). For women, however, there were marked differences in prevalence between sites, with higher values for women from Eastern Europe. Similarly, in the United States, there are marked differences in the prevalence of obesity by race-ethnic group for women but not for men. According to the U.S. obesity trend, the southern states have the highest prevalence of obesity out of all the fifty states. The CDC stated that more than one-third of U.S. adults (35.7%) are obese. Approximately 17% (or 12.5 million) of children and adolescents aged 2-19 years are obese (Overweight and Obesity, 2011). 2.Compare obesity rates and obesity-related health care costs in your state to all of the U.S. Recommend how your state can treat obesity as a threat to public health. As stated above, Georgia is one of the southern states that have a high prevalence mortality rate. The greatest problem with the statistical linkages between body mass and mortality is that other confounding factors are not considered, leaving little basis for drawing causal inferences. Most epidemiological studies estimating the relationship between body weight and mortality do not control for fitness, exercise, diet quality, weight cycling, diet drug use, economic status, or family history. Furthermore, in studies that control for some of these factors, the data are usually self-reported and thus of extremely questionable reliability. Georgia ranks seventeenth most obese state in the nation. Obesity is one of the biggest public health challenges. Millions of Americans still face barriers like the high cost of healthy foods and lack of access to safe places to be physically active. There has been a significant increase in health care cost in accordance to obesity. The annual cost of obesity in Georgia is estimated at $2.1 billion ($250 per Georgian each year), which includes direct health care costs and lost productivity from disease, disability, and death (indirect costs) (Georgia Data Summary, 2008). Treatment of this epidemic would be rather difficult. At a federal level, the new health reform law, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, has the potential to address the obesity epidemic through a number of prevention and wellness provisions, expand coverage to millions of uninsured Americans, and create a reliable funding stream through the creation of the Prevention and Public Health Fund. People who are overweight or obese have a higher risk for death than people of optimal (normal) weight. An estimate of excess mortality is called the population attributable risk (PAR). PAR is an estimate of the proportion of deaths caused by a particular risk factor, in this case, overweight and obesity. The PAR represents the proportion of deaths in a population that would be eliminated if the risk factor were removed from the population. The PAR for overweight and obesity is the fraction of all deaths that would not occur if everyone were of optimal (normal) weight. The PAR from overweight and obesity is estimated using the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Georgia and the relative risk for dying among overweight and obese persons compared with normal weight persons. The risk varies by age and sex. In Georgia, approximately 10% of the total number of deaths each year is attributable to overweight or obesity, indicating that about 6,700 Georgians dies annually because they are overweight or obese. About 1,500 (22%) of the excess deaths occur among people who are overweight, and 5,200 (78%) occur among those who are obese (Georgia Data Summary, 2008). 3.Suggest how politics of this issue will hinder your ability as an epidemiologist to help your community and / or state deal with the issue of obesity. The medical costs of obesity in the U.S. have been estimated at $75 – $100 billion a year. The estimate for Georgia is about $2.1 billion per year, or $250 per Georgian per year. Excess body fat is associated with both direct costs such as diagnostic and treatment services related to overweight and obesity, and indirect costs such as lost wages and reduced productivity due to illness, disability, and premature death (Georgia Data Summary, 2008). As an epidemiologist, the extra funds would not be available to help those individuals that are obese and want to lose the weight. The U.S. is already spending a large amount of money through medical cost for those obese individuals. A government grant to help individuals may even get refused because again, the funding is coming from the government. Politics would not want to provide funding for a start of a program because it is cost efficient and could be expensive. We are now at a point where governments are belatedly aware of the threat that rising obesity poses to population health as well as to society’s economic well-being and the natural environment. The awareness of the size and complexity of the problem is also evolving into an awareness of the need for multiple actions to achieve a high enough ‘dose of solutions’. There is widespread agreement that a multi-sectorial response will be needed from governments, the private sector, civil society and the public. 4.Propose four (4) new policies or laws that the government can implement to address the obesity problem in the U.S. Include the implications of those policies or laws on people, health insurance, health care providers, businesses, and the food industry. In an ideal world, governments would have been monitoring population obesity trends and have acted early to implement the actions needed to halt and reverse the obesity epidemic. However, this is not the common reality and, indeed, only a handful of countries have monitoring systems in place to detect changes in the prevalence of obesity and its risk factors. As stated above in question number two a new health reform law has to address the obesity epidemic through different wellness, and providing coverage to the millions of Americans. Government could also issue a community transformation grant to individuals that have transformed their obese bodies into healthy balanced bodies. Policies to reduce greenhouse emissions, such as corporate and individual carbon trading, would be powerful stealth interventions for obesity prevention. Congestion taxes, car-free cities, public transport growth and other urban planning options will have increased physical activity as a beneficial side effect and thus contribute to obesity prevention. Reducing the carbon cost of food could also have an effect on energy intake since many of the energy dense foods which promote obesity tend to be more processed, packaged foods in other words, higher in carbon costs. 5.Assess and address the causes which have made obesity rates increase for the past decade. Over the past three decades, obesity has increase significantly. While the exact reasons for increased global obesity were still undetermined, experts said changing habits were likely contributors. Diets are different than they were 30 years ago, and modern technology has decreased physical activity. Developing countries now have a lot of the conveniences that are commonplace in wealthier nations. There are also an increase of automobile, which we are widely dependent on and less walking or bicycling. In conclusion, the drivers of this pandemic that is now affecting rich and poor countries alike must be global in nature and relatively recent in onset. While biological hard-wiring explains the potential for the development of obesity, it cannot explain the secular trends in obesity prevalence. Humans have, for good survival reasons, evolved a biology that is designed to maximize energy intake and minimize physical activity. We seek and enjoy good tasting food (especially sweet, fatty and salty foods) and we seek to reduce the effort needed to do work (by designing machines and technology to do it for us). While these are powerful factors, our biology has not changed over the last 30 years. What has changed dramatically is the environment around us – especially the easy availability of foods and energy-saving machines that feed those biological desires. It is the increasingly obesogenic environments which are promoting especially excessive energy intake but also reduced physical exertion that are driving secular trends.

Life is fair Essay

Many people think that life is not fair, but I totally disagree with them. You need to pay for what’s not fair in your life. In some cases, when people win the big prize money on the lottery, they may have lost some of the most valuable things in their life. Last year, A California man got the big money from the lottery, but subsequently got in a car accident losing his family. Many people think Bill Gates should not be that rich without working hard, but we have to admit that he is very smart. He used his computer knowledge to create the first Operating System that is user friendly to different people in all walks of life, which became good news for the computer industry. His most successful attribute is his business skill. He made the different version of Windows on each year and it mase people follow his operation system upgrades each year. But he needs to spend most of his own time working in his company. Time magazine interviewed him before, and he said that he needs to be in the Microsoft office almost 12 hours every day including the holidays. And he will not waste his money on expensive things such as: car, watch, housing, food, etc†¦.. His life is very simple. He wakes up every 7am and after breakfast, he will be back in the office. I don’t think people like to get rich without any entertainment, but Bill Gates got rich without a rich life. Some people will think some third-world citizens is an example that life is not fair. We should know life is not only a race to get rich in money or possessions. We can chase a simple life and still be rich. Some third-world people may not buy food, but they do grow food by themselves. They will do everything for themselves without relying too much on money. For example: they will make the house, table, chair, food, even the entertainment from their surroundings. The first or second world people will think how to get money every day. Unlike some third-world citizens, they will chase the money for their life. At least, the third-world people can live without money. They will not think they can’t live without money. Nowadays, many people commit suicide over money. But the third-world people seem happier than first or second country people because their life is very simple. They will not think too much on being rich or not rich. Many third-world children don’t even have computers, video games, etc†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ but they still find other sources of entertainment. They don’t have any stress in school to be the have the latest gadgets and cars and be cool. Also, first world children can’t live without electronic gadgets. And, for some, their parents will push their child to be doctor, lawyer, engineer, etc†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. and they will get stressed out or a be unhappy about it. That’s why the life is still fair even if it doesn’t look like it is. You can life without money, but you can be happier than your life with money. In turn, poor people, or poor countries, should be very happy to take out such loans, confident that investment returns are so high that the repayments will not be difficult. I have been to places like South Africa, Kenya and Guatemala and although the people are poor they are so very happy. They might live in tiny houses and live in poverty, but they have a happy home and family even if they don’t have many possessions. I have been to places like Norway, Switzerland and the USA and some of the people are really wealthy. They don’t seem all that happy and some of them are really miserable compared to the poor people. A basic illustration of my point is: if you don’t have money, you can walk. If you have a little money, you can ride the bicycle. If you have more money, you can drive a car. If you are rich, you can hire a driver. In today’s social, many rich people get big money from their parents. Finally, since they are not good with managing their money, they will lose all their whole money. Then they need work harder than most people. All of us know that the weather doesn’t happen without explanations. Sunny warm days and cold freeze nights each have their roots in the laws of nature. These laws are absolutely fair since everywhere in the universe, so far as scientists know; they operate in exactly the same way. The weather in America is caused by the very same forces as the weather in Asia. â€Å"Outside† weather, then, clearly is fair. Not that fair days always greet us when we rise each morning, but in the sense that climate is produced by objective laws of nature which work the same way in every part of the world. We should not only focus on the money. Many people who become rich are not happy. Many feel lonely, stressed, unhappy, etc†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦What we should be focusing on is not money but on the quality of life. We cannot bring the money to heaven. Money is only a tool to make our life easy. We cannot say that life is not fair by using money as a standard. Actually, I discussed with my classmate about this and they figured out whether life is fair or not by money. I think that is totally wrong. Some people are working for money, but I am working for my hobby. I am happy work in my job even if I don’t get as much as a CEO. I can learn many different computer skills on my job. I can find my hobby from my job. Some people think they should not get a low rate salary on their job. I think they should rather be interested on their job to make them satisfied. If they are not satisfied, then they think their salary is low. Why should Bill Gates get rich? Because of his interest in the computer, and he put his interest on the business. The main idea is if you don’t love your job, you will never get rich. Many successful people love their job. That’s why I think life is fair. It’s just that most people dislike their job. We think we should focus on how people live. Don’t focus on whether people are rich or not rich. Many people are not happy with much money. They got rich and only focus on expensive things. They don’t know how to live life. Expensive things can’t make true happiness. Life is Fair says this is exactly how life works. But if we are to understand how justice operates in the world, we must first study life’s big picture. We cannot examine life only from the point of view of the material world only.

Applied Anatomy and Physiology (Case Study) Essay

Applied Anatomy and Physiology (Case Study) - Essay Example Physiology can be grouped into several categories depending on what the physiologists are studying (Marieb and Hoehn 2009, p.317). In this particular approach, physiology is viewed in terms of medical aspect. This particular category focuses on human body functioning dependent on individual organ systems. These organ systems are in turn dependent on component functioning of the various cells in the system. The underlying cellular components are further studied at sub cellular levels so as to ascertain the interactions at cellular and molecular levels. As a result, medical physiology gains an integrated outlook of the human body. This is done with a view of understanding events at the cellular, molecular and organ levels. It is in this perspective that physiology has been attributed as the mother of several biological sciences including neuroscience, biochemistry and biophysics. This suggests that physiology has limited boundaries to other disciplines hence can be termed as multidisci plinary. In this case study, we find the correlation between biochemistry and clinical medicine extremely important in the case o a patient having tonsillectomy (Marieb and Hoehn 2009, p.298) Anatomy is the branch of medicine that deals with the morphology of body organs. In this case study, the organ system that comes into play is the lymphatic system which plays a crucial role in immunity. Cells within the lymphatic system are organized into tissues and organs and can be grouped into three main categories. This classification is done on the basis of their levels of arrangement or encapsulation of the tissues to the connective tissue. The first category comprises of dispersed bundles of lymphatic cells that are without a capsule. This form of lymphatic tissue is exemplified by macrophages and lymphocytes. They are linked to fiber network. This group of lymphatic tissues occurs within the middle layer of the mucus membranes termed lamina propria. This covering plays a role in lining respiratory and gastrointestinal regions (Shier, Butler and Lewis 2012, p.212). The second group comprises the organs that contain circulative lymphatic cells and lymph nodules which are capsulated and connected to the dense connective tissue. The third group which forms the focus of the case study consists of distinct bundles of lymphatic cells referred to as lymphatic nodules. A distinctive feature of this group of cells is the lack of capsules within their membranes. Additionally, these packs of cells possess clear demarcations which separate them from adjacent cells. They have a wide range of distribution within the human body and this explains their importance in immune responses. They are found within the lamina propria of mucus secreting coverings and line respiratory, urinary, gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts. Generally they are called mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue abbreviated as MALT. Lymphatic nodules or follicles secrete macrophages and lymphocytes which are protective towards pathogens which interfere with passages of urine, air and gut. Lymph nodes can occur as solitary nodules or they can be clustered into aggregates. Some of the most common clusters of lymph nodes include Peyer’s patches which are basically aggregates of the mucosa which lines the small intestines (Van Putte, Regan and Russo 2012, p.372). The second group of clustered lymph nodes is tonsils which basically occur within the

Counting terrorism in Nigeria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Counting terrorism in Nigeria - Essay Example They are using violence and intimidation in a bid to overthrow the Nigerian government and to replace it with an Islamic one. Boko Haram believes that western education is a sacrilege and is highly prohibited. It has had numerous social, economic and political consequences in the country and should be speedily curbed. The term terrorism is not news to our ears since it has dominated various media outlets. Terrorism has had devastating effects on the political, social and economic development in various societies. The contemporary society is full of mushrooming terrorist groups like Al-Qaida, Taliban, Al-Shabaab, Hezbollah and Boko Haram among others. What is terrorism? The word terrorism, originates from the word terror. According to Hornby (2000), terror is defined as a feeling of extreme fear. â€Å"Terrorism is the use of violence and threats to intimidate or coerce especially for political purposes† (Dictionary.com 2012). Terrorists often stage sudden attacks on the unsuspecting civilians to push their agenda. Terrorism is an activity that has been condemned by most governments of the world; the United States taking the centre stage. Having explicated terrorism in general, we can now narrow down to a particular terrorist group, Boko Haram, in Nigeria. The paper will explore current terrorist activities in Nigeria by this group. It is in order to understand the term, Boko Haram. According to Domingo (2012), it is a terrorist group that was founded by one Mohammed Yusuf between 2001 and 2002. Northern Nigeria is predominantly occupied by the Kanuri ethnic group, and it is the stronghold of Boko Haram. Terrorist assemblages are often formed and propagated by the drive of revenge, believing that they have suffered historical injustices, which may be religious, political, social and economic in nature. Terrorist groupings do not believe in dialogue and have resorted to barbaric violent ways of handling concerns. They believe that the government is doing

The comparison of juvenile and young adult sentencing outcomes in Essay

The comparison of juvenile and young adult sentencing outcomes in criminal court - Essay Example a harder time than adults in courts of law, both in terms of influencing additional factors and effecting their eventual outcome, defies conventional theory. Kurlychek, however, fails to present an analysis that enables the study to be applied universally. When demographics are taken into consideration, â€Å"The Juvenile Penalty† presents a study that is far from authoritative. The data for the paper was culled from Pennsylvania’s Commission on Sentencing and focuses on the 33,962 young adults, between ages 18 to 25, and 1,042 juveniles that were processed in Pennsylvania’s adult criminal justice system over a 3 year period from 1997 to 1999. Not only is there the possibility that Pennsylvania might be a unique case in terms of how adults and juveniles offenders are viewed, the article mentions that the majority of juvenile offenders are black and male but fails to take into consideration the role that of racial demographics. Both the sex and race of the offenders and persecutors may play a role in the differing treatment between young adults and juveniles. Additionally, Kurlychek decided to begin investigating cases in 1997, when the treatment of juveniles in Pennsylvania law courts changed significantly. Additi onally, if the short three period, in which the cases occurred, was lengthened, the paper’s argument would be greatly strengthened. Thus, this paper needs to evaluate a larger study group to make its argument an effective one. Nevertheless, â€Å"juvenile† status, while never explicitly dealt with in the court room, appears to play a significant role in determining the outcomes of some offenders. â€Å"The Juvenile Penalty† fails, however, to make a universal argument because it focuses upon a small and specific number of cases. Thus, the paper’s underlying assumptions that juveniles receive harsher treatment than young adults may be accurate but requires additional studies to be proven

Business enivronemnts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business enivronemnts - Essay Example External factors have the capacity to determine whether an organization adopts new technologies. In the IT company I worked for, one of the external factors that placed the company under pressure was the rival adoption of the technology. Notably, there is an increased competition between information technology companies. Since many of the companies operating in the same industry had not adopted the new technology, the company had to carry out a critical analysis of its potential benefits. Theorists have highlighted that it is easier to adopt a new technology when other companies in the industry have already adopted and implemented the technology. The reason for this emanates from the fact that when the first company adopts the technology, other companies can learn how to implement it and can discern the potential benefits. In addition, prices are likely to be lower. Organizations that choose to go fast in the adoption of new technology undergo experiential learning. This was the case with the IT company, which sought to adopt a new technology that competitor had not received. However, the competitors were not the only external factors. The company considered the social factors of the new technology. Worth noting is the fact that the information and technology sector presents numerous social impacts.

Case study Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case study - Coursework Example Rajaratnam had a continuous pattern of using insider trading to make millions of dollars in profits. Typically insider trading occurs as one time tips that a person exploits. A smart insider trader will not abuse his knowledge to earn money to stay off the radar of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Greed was the primary factor that led to the demise of Raj Rajaratnam. The financial market suffered a risk in regards to the integrity of Wall Street as a whole. The SEC discovered during its rigorous investigation of the insider trading activities of Raj Rajaratnam that insider trading was more widespread across America than what the authorities thought. Raj Rajaratnam had a network of informants he paid for the insider information he used. During the investigation 16 people were charged with financial crimes. It appears as if insider trading is more widespread than anyone ever thought. The reason insider trading is illegal is because it gives the recipient of the information an unfair advantage in comparison with the typical investor2. The stock market is supposed to have asymmetry and everyone should have the same information. It is my opinion that the judge was completely correct in the harsh sentence he gave out to Raj Rajaratnam. The judge said, â€Å"His crimes and the scope of his crimes reflect a virus in our business culture that needs to be eradicated.† Insider trading is no joke; it hurts the integrity of the financial market, while at the same time giving an unethical trader an advantage which he can capitalize to receive a personal benefit. Rich insider traders can affect the whole market by making huge buy or sell orders on a particular stock. The large trade can alter the day’s price quotation on a stock. Raj Rajaratnam was a greedy dragon that wanted to get rich quick at the expense of the investor community. It is a bit sad that Raj Rajaratnam resorted to the illicit activity since he was already a millionaire and he did

Policy Critique New Jersey use of force Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Policy Critique New Jersey use of force - Essay Example The policy is legally sufficient based on the US Department of Justice guidelines and the concepts of the reasonable man and belief. While the policy encourages other officers to intervene to stop excessive force, the policy places no legal requirement that they do so. This portion may conflict with state and federal laws that require the intervention to prevent a deadly crime that is in progress. The policy on less-lethal ammunition creates a new category for the use of force that resides above mechanical force and below deadly force. While the policy comprehensively defines less-lethal ammunition and the situations where it may be allowed, the use of the word 'non-imminent' may become problematic, Courts may view the term as too vague as it opens up the opportunity to be defined as anytime in the future. The New Jersey Use of Force Advisory Committee is charged with formulating a policy that serves as a guideline for police that are faced with a situation that calls for the use of force. Well-armed criminals and new technologies have placed the police at greater risk and necessitated the need to be able to determine an appropriate level of force. Non-lethal technologies have also given the police greater options that must be considered when confronted with a dangerous, and possibly deadly, situation. This paper will examine the current policy in light of its strengths and weaknesses. It will evaluate its legal sufficiency and evaluate the recent less-lethal ammunition report of 2008. The New Jersey Attorney General's Use of Force Policy has its foundation in the principle that "the degree of force employed in any situation should be only that reasonably necessary" and officers should use "only that force which is objectively reasonable" (Office of the New Jersey Attorney General, 2000, p.1). As a guideline to making a reasonable judgment on the use of force, the level of force is categorized in escalating levels from constructive authority to deadly force. The policy uses examples of each type of force and provides a definition for each category. The use of deadly force may only be used to protect an officer or the public from the imminent danger of death or serious injury (Office of the New Jersey Attorney General, 2000, p.5). Deadly force can be used on a fleeing suspect when the suspect has caused death or bodily harm and the officer believes that the suspect poses an imminent threat (Office of the New Jersey Attorney General, 2000, 5). The legal sufficiency f or these guidelines, and the use of deadly force, is founded in 42 U.S.C. 14141, which makes it unlawful for "local law enforcement officers to engage in a pattern or practice of conduct that deprives persons of rights protected by the Constitution" (Addressing police misconduct, 1999). While this has a solid legal foundation, its weakness lies in the reliance on the officer to make a snap judgment based on the interpretation on 'imminent'. The State's Attorney General or the US Department of Justice addresses complaints of police misconduct regarding deadly force. The policy further implements an obligation on other officers to be pro-active to reduce or eliminate the use of excessive force. Deadly force cannot be used against

The Fact Statement of Alcoholism Essay Example for Free

The Fact Statement of Alcoholism Essay The above mentioned students were scheduled for grievance hearing together with their parents in the grievance office last October 19, 2012 at 2:00 PM. Mrs. Buenaflor our presiding chairman introduced the committee members. Mr. Bobiles started the questioning to Bai Rachma Carnain. When asked what kind of liquor did she bring and how many milliliters. Bai Rachma brought one can of San Miguel Lights. Mrs. Catubigan asked why she brought the liquor inside the school. She brought the liquor to show off and compete to other classmates. Mr. Bobiles asked why inside the school. Due to family problem (she kept silent for three minutes and cried). Furthermore, to catch attention and recognized by her father. Mrs. Catubigan asked that now she catch the attention of her father what was the result. She answered none. Mr. Bobiles asked if not reported by Tigno to your group, was she going to drink it. She answered yes, outside the school. Mrs. Buenaflor enlightened the students by giving advised. Now that they knew how much their parent loves them, cares and gave them attention. As a return, they must love themselves and not to misbehave. The father of Bai Rachma told the committee that he always teaches her a lesson and discipline every day. Mr. Bobiles follow up a question, what was his plan regarding his daughter. He wants to get his daughter to live with him, but Bai Rachma refused to live with his new family. The co-chairman proceeded to Rachel Devera. She narrates the incident accordingly. Bai Rachma told her group that she brought liquor. She volunteered to open it but Bai Rachma insisted to open the can to show to her friends that she’s an expert and drunk. After that, the can was given to her and drunk. The can was given to Juarez and drunk. Mr. Bobiles read Rachel’s written statement and confirmed if she shouted â€Å"Mga tropa, mag-inuman tayo!† inside the classroom. Rachel was hesitated to answer the question. Mrs. Catubigan seconded the question and be consistent to her statement. After a few minutes, she answered for fourth times she was asked by Mr. Bobiles. She was afraid to admit that she shouted. Rogelene confirmed that Rachel shouted. The intention of influenced to drink is there. When asked if she saw someone was smoking, let’s smoke also. Rachel answered no. Bai Rachma influenced the group inside the classroom, but beforehand her group was already drinking liquor. In addition, Rachel transferred the  liquor in an empty bottle of Mountain Dew. Mr. Bobiles asked the participation of Jhialyn Loyola was not able to report the incident to the authorities. But she questioned the group of Bai Rachma why did they bring liquor. From the time that she smelled the liquor and was disgusted on the odor of it she ignored them. When asked if there’s someone who invited to drink, she answered none. Mr. Bobiles asked the group even if Bai Rachma brought the liquor, did anyone refuse to her invitation. The group kept silence. Mrs. Catubigan followed up a question if the group was aware of her family problem. Rachel answered yes, since she was telling it to the group. The problem of Bai Rachma was compared to the Pinoy Big Brother contestant who has similar problem like her. But she managed to control her behavior and become positive in life. Mr. Bobiles proceded the questioning to Rhysia Royce Juarez and asked how she was invited to drink. The liquor can was given by Mariella Tigno. When asked if she have an idea what does the bottle contained of and drunk it. Rhysia knew that it was liquor and confirmed that she drunk it. After that, she gave the bottle to Rachel and lastly to Bai Rachma. But nothing has left. Findings: After careful assessment, the grievance committee has reasons to believe that Bai Rachma Carnain, Rachel Devera, Rogelene Marcadejas, Rhysia Royce Juarez are guilty of the offense imputed against them. Jhialyn Loyola was still liable disregarding the offense of her classmates and did not report the incident to the authorities. Decision: After thorough investigation, the grievance committee ruled by decisions that Bai Rachma Carnain meted 40 days suspension, Rachel Devera meted 20 days suspension, Rogelene Marcadejas meted 10 days suspension, Rhysia Royce Juarez meted 10 days suspension. Jhialyn Loyola was reprimanded and will be given counseling session by the guidance office. The group will not be admitted to school until further notice. Mariella Tigno was put on contempt due to her non-appearance and her parents.

Relationship Between the Heritage Site and the Community

Relationship Between the Heritage Site and the Community This essay critically discusses the relationship between heritage and community, collecting and making reference to a wide range of writing and theorizing on heritage and its management. As Lowenthal (1995) argues in his book The Past is a Foreign Country, the past is an ever-changing phenomenon, which is not constant due to the way in which the past is translated to us and how we, as individuals, intepret our past, with each individual having a different version, a different interpretation, of a common past. ‘The past’ is a heritage, which, argues Lowenthal (1995) is at once burdensome and nurturing, open as it is to various interpretations and various uses. The past is essential, and inescapable, and can be as innocent as one’s memories as captured in photographs or can be manipulated as witnessed by the Holcaust deniers. It is this changing nature of ‘the past’, or ‘heritage’ that simultaneously sustains and constrains us (Lowenthal, 1995). The past is, argues Lowenthal (1995), an increasingly more foreign country, that is distinct from the present but which is increasingly manipulated by present-day aims. It is necess ary to preserve the past to avoid ‘cultural amnesia’ but a cult of nostalgia can also choke and dampen progress, and so dealing with ‘heritage’ is a delicate matter. ‘Heritage’ and its management, in terms of community, is therefore a complex matter that generates tensions and conflicts. Chitty and Baker (1999) look at how historic sites and buildings are managed and show that preservation and presentation are central activities in the historic environment but that, often, these activities can be antagonistic to each other. This antagonism arises because of the different economic, social, cultural and educational perspectives taken by the different bodies involved in preserving and presenting historic sites and buildings. For example, those in charge of public entry to the historic site or building are interested that the site or building be open for as long as possible to as many people as possible, so that the revenue is as high as possible. Those involved in preservation of the historic site or building, for example, are interested not in the entry of visitors to the site, as a primary concern, but rather that they have the space, temporal and physical, to perform the necessary conservation duties to preserve the site or building for future generations, in a sympa thetic manner. Several case studies are discussed in Chitty and Baker (1999) including Avebury, Hadrian’s Wall, Norton Friary, Brodsworth Hall and various sites of interest for industrial heritage and in terms of military heritage, many of which are promoted as sites of heritage tourism (Timothy and Boyd, 2003). As Baker states in the introduction to Chitty and Baker (1999), sympathetic reconstruction and conservation is fundamental for preserving the authenticity of historic sites and buildings. As her argues, Avebury as it is currently encountered is largely a 1930’s reconstruction and not how Avebury was constructed originally. It is perhaps the case that many visitors do not realize that the current structure is not how it would have appeared when originally built, but many of those same visitors still take a great deal away from their visits to Avebury. This presents a dilemma for the managers of the site, the National Trust, who have to decide whether to preserve the Avebury as it is, complete with 1930’s modifications, or whether to change the site back to how historical records show it was when originally constructed. This dilemma illustrates the dilemma facing all managers of historic sites and buildings: the management of these sites is dependent on visitor numbers, as ‘heritage’ is a business nowadays, which is as dependent on revenue as any other business. Preservation of historic sites and buildings therefore needs to take place within the confines of dealing with visitors who want to be able to freely move about a site or building that they have paid to enter, for example. As Baker argues in Chitty and Baker (1999), the meaning and historical perspectives of buildings and sites can also be lost or mistranslated in the effort to maintain these sites and buildings within the context of generating revenue: the holistic view of the historic remains can be lost as individual stories and narratives are generated. For example, across Derbyshire, there are many historic sites from many different ages. In a few square miles, there is Bolsover Castle, Langwith Pit, with the last remaining working pit head in the area, Sutton Mill, which is a fully working water mill, Hardwick Hall, of Bess of Hardwick fame with the largest glass faà §ade in the UK: all of these sites ‘compete’ for revenue from visitors, but, as a whole, do not explain the continuity of, or the development of, the history of the area. In the effort to collect revenue from visitors, the history of the area as a whole has been lost to the general public, it’s holistic history h as been waylaid. Local history is not taught in schools in the area and so children grow up in the area often unable to afford to enter the historic sites, or with parents who do not encourage visits to the historic sites, and so never learn about their local history. They become dis-jointed from their local history. Heritage and community thus has no meaning for these individuals, and, as a whole, the community tends to come to view the historic sites not as their heritage but rather as visitor attractions that they cannot afford to visit and do not understand, as they have no connection to the sites or buildings, other than knowing that they are commercial activities and that ‘something’ happened there. This is a very modern tragedy, that heritage and community have become disjointed, that even when people do visit sites and buildings of historic interest that their experience is an isolated one, not ‘joined up’ to other historical sites of interest and thus not giving a holistic viewpoint of local history, or how this local history connects to larger UK history, for example. Preservation of historic sites and buildings is more than simply conserving those sites for the future, it also comes to include the preservation of the memories and history of those sites, a goal of communication. Presentation therefore overlaps with preservation, in terms of communicating to the visitors. Grenville (1999) looks at the rapid changes that are taking place in countryside management and their effect on the cultural landscape, in terms of the conflict that this process generates between archaeologists and ecologists, and looks at many case studies such as the management of archaeological landscapes on army training grounds, the management of ancient woodlands and the conservation of monuments in Norfolk. As Grenville (1999) states in the introduction, the identification of natural areas of significance by bodies such as English Nature separates out the significance of these areas from the possibilities of whole landscape evaluation, in a manner similar to that described by Baker in Chitty and Baker (1999): the holistic understanding of the whole landscape is lost, and whilst ‘Site Wildlife Statements’ are made about these areas of significance, managers of these sites are presented with problems when the views and needs of archaeologists, ecologists and visito r satisfaction all need to be considered. An example of this comes from Thornton Abbey in Lincolnshire: badgers were slowly destroying the archaeological remains at the site and the public and the resident ecologists were adamant that the badgers should be allowed to go about their business; the manager of the site eventually decided the badgers should be moved on, but the event caused a great deal of consternation amongst the archaeological community (Grenville, 1999). Howard (2003) looks at heritage management, its interpretation and identity, and finds that heritage has become a major concern around the world, particularly in the UK which relies heavily on tourism to heritage sites to keep these sites open and functioning, now that the majority of heritage sites in the UK are under the control of bodies which run them as a revenue-generating exercise. Howard (2003) points out, similarly to Chitty and Baker (1999) and Grenville (1999) that because most heritage sites are now run as a revenue-generators, there is conflict between preservation, conservation and management as to how these sites should be run, managed and interpreted. As Howard (2003) argues, however, the term ‘heritage’ nowadays means anything and everything the public want to save, from historic buildings to morris dancing to material culture and nature. As Howard (2003) argues, therefore, due to the heterogeneous nature of the ‘heritage’ that people want t o save, the management and interpretation of this ‘heritage’ is extremely complicated and needs many different approaches, especially as ‘heritage’ can take on a nationalistic component which has entirely negative repercussions, for as Howard (2003) states, â€Å"so long as heritage can be used for profit, or to produce group identity, or to subjugate or exclude someone else, then someone is going to use it†. Heritage, according to Howard (2003) is related to the concept of inheritance, in terms of meaning ‘that which has been, or may be, inherited’, and is also related to the idea of something that should not be forgotten, for example, the Holocaust heritage. Heritage also defines identity so that heritage has a contingent nature. That there are so many definitions of heritage, and that historic buildings and sites are bracketed together and understood in terms of ‘heritage’ is perhaps what leads to some of the tensions apparent between workers of different disciplines, when approaching a historical site or building. Everyone feels they have a claim on the site or building, in terms of common heritage, and they feel a responsibility to defend their heritage from the viewpoint of their different disciplines (i.e., ecologist/archaeologist/manager). This obviously then leads to tension as their viewpoints, whilst stemming from the same common concern, differ widely and have different effects and needs. ‘Heritage’, whilst a term that can be used to easily describe something that should be preserved, is a term that complicates the practical preservation of that site or building, especially as heritage marketing is something that is being used for consumer-led revenue-generation (Howard, 2003). Managing ‘heritage’ ‘for the community’ are the phrases of the moment, with the label ‘heritage’ being given to many things from historic sites and buildings to dances and religious/political ceremonies. Heritage is thus a flexible, little understood, term, that is, in Lowenthal’s (1995) sense, open to many and varied interpretations. In this context, then, managing heritage for the community is a difficult matter, which causes many tensions, between the various people responsible for managing ‘heritage’ and between these people and the community in which the ‘heritage’ is situated. Heritage and community are thus fuelled with tension and conflicts and the usefulness of the term ‘heritage’ as a political descriptor of our collective history, packaged in to revenue-generating pieces, is called in to question. References Howard P (2003) Heritage Management, Interpretation and Identity, London: Continuum. Lowenthal D (1995) The Past is a Foreign Country, Cambridge: University Press. Timothy DJ Boyd S W (2003) Heritage Tourism, Harlow: Prentice Hall. Grenville J (1999) Managing the Historic Rural Landscape, London: Routledge. Chitty G Baker D (1999) Managing Historic Sites Buildings, London: Routledge.